Applying Some Indices for Soil Pollution Assessment in Northern Industrial Area from Erbil Governorate
Keywords:
Soil pollution, Heavy metals, Industrial area, Pollution indices, Toxicity
Abstract
Soil pollution by some heavy metals including: Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd and Pb from northern industrial area of Erbil City was assessed. The contamination indices including: geoaccumulation (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), degree of contamination (Cdeg), pollution load index (PLI) and element contamination index (ECI) were applied to assess soil pollution in Erbil North Industrial area at three sites (for both surface and sub-surface soils). Maximum Fe value 34243.6 ppm was recorded in sub-surface soil (site 2). Maximum values 265.4, 248.8, 98.23 and 397.45 ppm were recorded for Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn at sub-surface soil (site 3). Whereas, maximum values of 22.52, 5.36, 23.9, 6.12 and 65.67 ppm were recorded for As, Mo, Ag, Cd and Pb at surface soil (site 3). Results of analysed heavy metals for soil Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Cd and Pb have shown that the studied sites were severely contaminated with Cd, so the maximum detected Cd concentration was 6.12 ppm in surface soil (300 meters away from the industrial area). The soil pollution in the studied area was classified as moderate to strong surface and sub-surface soil contamination. Behavioral toxicity experiment showed slight growth effect on Lepidium sativum L.
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References
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Atlas. 2000. World Atlas. Compact Disk England.
Badr N.B.E., El-Fiky, A.A., Mostafa, A.R., Al-Mur, B.A. 2009. Metal pollution records in core sediments of some Red Sea coastal areas, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Environ. Monit. Assess., 155: 509-526.
Bi, X.H., Feng, Y.C., Wu, J.H., Wang, Y.Q., Zhu, T. 2007. Source apportionment of PM10 in six cities of northern China. Atmospheric Environment, 41(5): 903-912.
Chibuike, G.U. and Obiora, S.C., 2014. Heavy metal polluted soils: effect on plants and bioremediation methods. Applied and environmental soil science, 2014.
Elgawad, M.A., Mohamed, H.A., Shendi, M.M. and Ghabour, S.I. 2007. Status of some heavy metals in Fayoum district soils. The third Conf. for Sustainable Agricultural Development, Fac. of Agric., Fayoum Univ., 12-14 Nov. 2007. (507-526).
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization. 2001. Study of agro-ecological zoning for Diana, Mergasor, Barzan, and Sheruan-Mazn/Rubar Barazgird valley areas. FAO Representation in Iraq. FAO Coordination Office for Northern Iraq.
Guest, E. 1966. Flora of Iraq. Vol.1. Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq.
Han, Y.M., Du, P.X., Cao, J.J., Posmentier, E.S. 2006. Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi’an, Central China. Sci. Total. Environ., 355: 176-186.
Hussein, T. 1980. Hydrogeological study of Bastora area. M.Sc. Thesis. Univ. of Mousl, Iraq.
https://www.gbif.org/species/5376565
Kabir, E., Ray, S., Kim, K.H., Yoon, H.O., Jeon, E.C., Kim, Y.S., Cho, Y.S., Yun, S.T., and Brown, R.J.C. 2012. Current status of trace metal pollution in soils affected by industrial activities. Science World Journal.
Khudhur, N.S., Khudhur, S.M. and Ameen, N.O.H., 2016. A Study on soil bacterial population in steel company and some related area in Erbil city in relation to heavy metal pollution. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 28(5), pp.101-116.
Khudhur, S.M. and Khudhur, N.S., 2015. Soil pollution assessment from industrial area of Erbil City. J Zankoi Sulaimani, 17(4), pp.225-38.
Khudhur, S.N., Khudhur, M.S., and Ahmad, N.I. 2018. An Assessment of heavy metal soil contamination in a Steel Factory and the surrounding area in Erbil City. Jordan Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 9(1): 1-11.
Kowalska, J.B., Mazurek, R., Gąsiorek, M. and Zaleski, T., 2018. Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination–A review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(6), 2395-2420.
Li, Q., Cai, S., Mo, C., Chu, B., Peng, L. and Yang, F., 2010. Toxic effects of heavy metals and their accumulation in vegetables grown in a saline soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73(1): 84- 88.
Lone, M.I., He, Z.L., Stoffella, P.J. and Yang, X.E., 2008. Phytoremediation of
heavy metal polluted soils and water: progresses and perspectives. Journal of
Zhejiang University Science B, 9(3): 210-220.
Massas, I., Kalivas, D., Ehaliotis, C. and Gasparatos, D., 2013. Total and available
heavy metal concentrations in soils of the Thriassio plain (Greece) and assessment
of soil pollution indexes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(8):
6751-6766.
Nowrouzi, M. and Pourkhabbaz, A. 2014. Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Hara Biosphere Reserve, Iran. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, 26(2), 99-105.
PUMA safe, (2009). Handbook of Environmental Standards. S.A.F.E. Team Global/Asia.
Ryan, J., Estefan, G. and Rashid, A. 2001. Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory Manual. Second Edition. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria.
Salah, E., Turki, A. and Noori, S. 2013. Heavy metals concentration in urban soils of Fallujah City, Iraq. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3(11): 100-112.
Singh, P.K.; Verma, P.; Tiwari, A.K.; Sharma, S. and Purty, P. 2015. Review of Various Contamination Index Approaches to Evaluate Groundwater Quality with Geographic Information System (GIS). Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res., 7(4): 1920-1929.
Sutherland, R.A. 2000. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Geology, 6: 611-627.
Tomlinson, D.L., Wilson, J.G., Harris, C.R. and Jeffrey, D.W. 1980. Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer meeresuntersuchungen, 33(1-4): 566-575.
Ulmanu, M., Anger, I., Gamenț, E., Mihalache, M., Plopeanu, G. and Ilie, L. 2011. Rapid determination of some heavy metals in soil using an X-ray fluorescence portable instrument. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 43(3).
U. S. EPA: Environmental Protection Agency - USEPA. 1996. Ecological Effects Test Guidelines: Seed Germination/Root Elongation Toxicity Test. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ocspp/pubs/frs/publications/OPPTS_Harmonized/850_Ecological_Effect s_Test_Guidelines/Drafts/index.html. Accessed 20 June 2011.
U. S. EPA: Environmental Protection Agency-United States. Effects of Pollution: Water, Air and Soil. 2011.
Usman, A.R.A., Alkreda, R. and Al-Wabel, M.I. 2013. Heavy metal contamination in sediments and mangroves from the coast of RedSea: Avicennia marina as potential metal bioaccumulator. Ecotox Environ Safe, 97: 263-270.
World Food Programme WFP. 2002. Statistical Report on Population of Iraqi Kurdistan Region.
Yaqin, J.I., Yinchang, F.E., Jianhui, W.U., Tan, Z.H., Zhipeng, B.A. and Chiqing, D.U. 2008. Using geoaccumulation index to study source profiles of soil dust in China. Journal of environmental sciences, 20(5): 571-578.
Ye, C., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q. 2011. Assessing soil heavy metal pollution in the water-level-fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. J Hazard Mater 191: 366-372.
Zhang, W., Liu, X., Cheng, H., Zeng, E.Y., Hu, Y. 2012. Heavy metal pollution in sediments of a typical mariculture zone in South China. Mar Pollut Bull 64: 712-720.
Published
2021-07-17
How to Cite
Khudhur, N., Sidra Qubad Yassin, Ahmed Saman Hassan, & Mortatha Nawzad Omar. (2021). Applying Some Indices for Soil Pollution Assessment in Northern Industrial Area from Erbil Governorate. Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Pure Science, 26(4), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.29350/qjps.2021.26.4.1385
Section
Special Issue (Silver Jubilee)
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